CPU SchedulerThe CPU scheduler assigns CPU time to threads (units of work) from processes according to a scheduling algorithm.These algorithms aim to:Maximize CPU utilizationMaximize the amount of work done in a given timeMinimize the number of processes in the ready queueMinimize response time Non-Preemptive SchedulingIn non-preemptive scheduling, a process voluntarily releases the CPU;the OS d..

Shared ResourceA shared resource refers to resources or variables within a system that multiple processes or threads can access concurrently — such as monitors, printers, memory, files, or data.When two or more processes attempt to read or write to a shared resource simultaneously,this situation is called a race condition — where the timing or order of access affects the outcome.Critical Section..

NAT (Network Address Translation) is a networking technique that modifies the IP address information in packet headers while the packets pass through a router or firewall.Its primary purpose is to map private (internal) IP addresses to public (external) IP addresses, and vice versa. Real-World ExampleSuppose two employees (e.g., Manager Hongcheol and Deputy Gayoung) each have private IP address..

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Time ComplexityTime complexity describes how the number of operations grows as the input size N increases.It measures how much time an algorithm takes, independent of hardware or programming language.We focus on the number of operations, not exact timings.To express it, we use Big-O notation, which reflects the most significant term in the function T(n) — the one that dominates as n grows. Comm..

What is a Thread?A thread is the smallest unit of execution within a process.A single process can have multiple threads.Unlike processes, which each have their own code, data, and heap,threads share the code, data, and heap of their process. → This allows multiple tasks to run concurrently within a single process.MultithreadingMultithreading is a technique where multiple threads within a process..