While it is commonly assumed that communication between computers happens through IP addresses, the actual transmission at the data link layer relies on MAC addresses.In reality, IP addresses are used to find corresponding MAC addresses using ARP, and communication is performed based on those MAC addresses.What is ARP?ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to map an IP addr..

A load balancer is a device or software that distributes incoming client requests across multiple backend servers, with the goal of increasing the system’s capacity and reliability.It helps handle high volumes of traffic by distributing requests based on factors such as URL paths, server availability, cache state, and cookies.Many load balancers also include security features such as filtering o..

When data is transmitted between layers in a network stack,the unit of data at each layer is referred to as a PDU (Protocol Data Unit). A PDU typically consists of:A header: control information specific to the layerA payload: the actual data being transmittedEach layer has its own name for the PDU:Application Layer: MessageTransport Layer: Segment (TCP) / Datagram (UDP)Internet Layer: PacketLink..

Keywords: encapsulation, decapsulation When a computer sends a request to another computer (e.g., requesting a web page via HTTP), the data flows through the network stack by undergoing encapsulation and decapsulation processes across the TCP/IP layers.EncapsulationEncapsulation is the process in which each lower layer wraps the data from the upper layer with its own header (and sometimes trai..

The Internet Protocol Suite is a collection of communication protocols used for exchanging information between computers over the Internet. It is commonly explained using either the TCP/IP 4-layer model or the OSI 7-layer model. The TCP/IP model—short for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol—was designed with a focus on practicality and real-world applicability rather than theoretic..

Network bottlenecks refer to points in a network where the flow of data is restricted,causing a slowdown in overall network performance.This happens when the demand for network resources exceeds the available capacity at a particular point in the network. Here are some key points about network bottlenecks: DefinitionNetwork Bottleneck: A situation where the capacity of a network component (such ..