When data is transmitted between layers in a network stack,the unit of data at each layer is referred to as a PDU (Protocol Data Unit). A PDU typically consists of:A header: control information specific to the layerA payload: the actual data being transmittedEach layer has its own name for the PDU:Application Layer: MessageTransport Layer: Segment (TCP) / Datagram (UDP)Internet Layer: PacketLink..

Keywords: encapsulation, decapsulation When a computer sends a request to another computer (e.g., requesting a web page via HTTP), the data flows through the network stack by undergoing encapsulation and decapsulation processes across the TCP/IP layers.EncapsulationEncapsulation is the process in which each lower layer wraps the data from the upper layer with its own header (and sometimes trai..

The Internet Protocol Suite is a collection of communication protocols used for exchanging information between computers over the Internet. It is commonly explained using either the TCP/IP 4-layer model or the OSI 7-layer model. The TCP/IP model—short for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol—was designed with a focus on practicality and real-world applicability rather than theoretic..

Network bottlenecks refer to points in a network where the flow of data is restricted,causing a slowdown in overall network performance.This happens when the demand for network resources exceeds the available capacity at a particular point in the network. Here are some key points about network bottlenecks: DefinitionNetwork Bottleneck: A situation where the capacity of a network component (such ..

DefinitionThroughput_처리량The actual rate at which data is successfully transmitted over a network from one point to another in a given time period. It is usually measured in bits per second (bps), bytes per second (Bps), or data packets per second (pps). Key CharacteristicsActual Performance: Throughput measures the real-world performance of a network, taking into account all inefficiencies and ..

A packet is the basic unit of data transmission in a network.It consists of three main parts: the header, payload, and trailer.Header Destination Address: The network address of the target device. Source Address: The network address of the sending device. Protocol Information: Indicates which protocol is used (e.g., TCP or UDP). Length: Specifies the size of the packet. Other Control I..